. ____________ (microbes that normally live in/on the body w/o harm) A. _______ vs _________ flora (always there) (only present for a short time or on and off) B. Establishment of Normal Flora = __________ 1. Newborns are free of flora, but established as infant is exposed to organisms from _______, _____, ______ etc. 2. Colonization is a selective process due to physiological conditions in the body such as _____, ___________, ____, ________, etc. 3. Takes about ____________ to fully establish normal flora C. __________ (different organisms living together) 1. __________ (both partners benefit) E. coli: produces vitamins K & some B, and ___________ (chemicals that ward off harmful species) 2. ___________ (one partner benefits, other is neutral) skin organisms live off of secretions/sloughed cells 3. _________ (one partner benefits while the other is harmed) many bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms and even viruses D. ____________ organisms (organisms that are usually nonpathogenic, but that can become pathogenic under certain circumstances) 1. when host health is compromised 2. when there is a reduction of normal flora 3. if an organism gets in a different_______ (part of the body) Mechanisms of ____________ (disease development) A. Production of disease is actually a process of steps 1. ____________ to a susceptible host 2. ___________ to appropriate target tissue(s) 3. ________ 4. __________ 5. ________ to host while evading defenses 6. _____ from body 7. _________ outside long enough to be transmitted to another host Transmission must be to the correct “portal of entry” 1. typically to exposed surfaces such as ______ or _______ membranes (which is not an easy thing to do!) 2. entry aided by _____, ____, ________, _________etc. a. Gastrointestinal tract (via ______, _____) bacteria, especially Gram- _______ bacilli viruses such as polio and Hepatitis A protozoans such as Entamoeba and Giardia b. Respiratory tract (via ____) bacteria that cause strep throat, diphtheria, pertussis viruses such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox and the common cold fungi such as Histoplasma and Pneumocystis c. Urogenital tract (most are _____) (or misplaced opportunists) bacteria such as Neisseria, Treponema, and Chlamydia viruses such as papilloma and herpes protozoans such as Trichomonas fungi such as Candida Evade host defenses (mainly by avoiding ____________) 1. ________ (Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria) 2. __________ are substances that are toxic to WBCs 3. _________ breaks down H2O2 produced by phagocytes, preventing digestion of the engulfed microbe & Cause Damage/Disease 4. _______ (poisonous substances) (________ when in the blood) a. _____: toxic soluble proteins secreted (botulism, tetanus) ___________ cause lysis of RBC’s b. _____: cell wall components released when cell dies, toxic to host (lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative cell walls) 5. ____________ (act on host cells/tissues) a. __________ activates prothrombin to coagulate fibrinogen in plasma, forming a fibrin clot that “hides” the microbe from phagocytosis b. ___________ breaks down blood clots in order to spread c. _____________ “spreading factor” breaks down hyaluronic acid (loose connective tissue), allowing organism to invade tissues Disease Terminology 1. _____ infection (limited to point of entry) Vs _____ infection (spreads to a new location) Vs ________ (infection that spreads to several sites and the blood) 2. ______ diseases develop fast but for a short duration Vs _______ diseases develop slow but for a long duration Vs ______ diseases may be inactive for long periods of time 3. ________ (identification) of a disease is dependent upon: _________ of a disease are subjective changes in body function Vs _____ of a disease are objective (measurable) changes