1- Virulence factor can contribute to tissue damage, which one of these is not a contributor?
a) Collagenase
b) Hyaluronidase
c) Kinases
d) coagulase
*e) all of the above
f) none of the above

2- What is the most common route of entry when you are infected with a pathogen?
a) Skin
b) Urogenital
*c) Respiratory
d) Gastrointestinal tract

3- Why does normal flora, that can keep us from getting infections, can also cause infection? Is this known as opportunisitic pathogens, or true pathogens?
Normal flora and state of a person’s immune system also have big effect on outcome of inoculation
May be normal flora that got into the wrong place or became imbalance
Opportunistic pathogens are not pathogenic to a normal healthy person

4. A _______ infection is aquired in a hospital.
a. subclinical
b. focal
*c. nosocomial
d. zoonosis

5. A ________ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.
a. zoonosis
b. biological vector
*c. mechanical vector
d. asymptomatic carrier

6. Which of the following would not be a portal of entry?
*a. the meninges
b. the placenta
c. skin
d. small intestines

7. ________ ________ cause infectious disease in healthy hosts.
*a. True pathogens
b. Opportunistic pathogens
c. both a and b
d. neither

8. The best descriptive term for the resident flora is
*a. commensals
b. parpasites
c. pathogens
d. mutualists

9. Resident flora is commonly found in the
a. stomach
b. kidney
c. salivary glands
*d. urethra

10. Resident flora is absent from the
a. pharynx
*b. lungs
c. intestine
d. hair follicles

11. Virulence factors include
a. toxins
b. enzymes
c. capsules
*d. all of these

12.The emergence of new infectious diseases is probably due to all of the following except
*a. the need of bacteria to cause disease
b. the ability of humans to travel by air
c. changing environments (e.g. floods, drought, pollution)
d. a pathogen crossing the species barrier
e. the increasing human population
f. all of these

13. Which of the following is not a portal of entry for pathogens
a. mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
b. mucous membranes of the gatrointestinal tract.
c. skin.
d. blood
e*. parenteral route.