1. An example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is__________.
a. unbroken skin
*b. lysozyme in saliva
c. cilia in respiratory tract
d. all of these
e. none of these

2. An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is __________.
*a. histamine
b. collagen
c. complement C5a
d. interferon


3. What is an example of a 1st line of defense?
a. Fever
b. antibodies
*c. mucous membranes and their secretions
d. phagocytic WBC

4. __________ breaks apart peptidoglycan:
a. Sebaceous Secretions
b. Semen
*c. Lysozyme
d. Lactic Acid

5. The loss of cellular contents through transmembrane attack complex C5-C9 is called:
a. Inflamations stimulus
*b. Cytolysis
c. antigen-antibody reaction
d. epitopes

6. Which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes?
a. eosinophils
b. basophils
c. lymphocytes
*d. neutrophils

7. Which subset of WBC's accounts for acquired, specific immunity?
a. monocytes
b. B cells
c. T cells
*d. both b and c

8. An example of an exogenous pyrogen is
a. Endotoxin
b. Serotonin
c. Fibrin clot
d. interleukin-2

9. Which of the following does not represent the same mechanism for avoiding host defenses as the others?
a. Rabiesvirus attaches to the receptor for the neurotransmitter acetycholine.
b. Salmonella attaches to the receptor for epidermal growth factor.
c. Epstein-Barr virus binds to the host receptor.
d. Surface protein genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae mutate frequently.


10. Monocytes are _____leaukocytes that develop into_______.
a.granular, phagocytes
b.agranular, mast cells
*c.agranular, macrophages
d.granular, T cells

13. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of fever?
a. It inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms.
b. It impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron.
*c. It causes microorganisms to die by excessively heating their cell components.
d. It increases the metabolism and stimulates immune reactions.

14. Which of the following is NOT an activity of phagocytes?
*a. To create the clotting factors necessary for the creation of plasma
b. To eat undesired cells
c. To extract immunogenic information (antigens) from foreign matter.
d. To survey the tissue compartments to seek out discover microbes that don’t belong

15. What are the three main types of phagocytes?
a. neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
*b. neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
c. neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes
d. neutrophils, erythrocytes, and macrophages

16. A common sign of bacterial infection is a high count of this type of phagocyte in the blood. This general-purpose phagocyte is also a primary component of pus. What is it? Answer: Neutrophils

17. List the correct order of the developmental stages of monocytes and macrophages.
a. Macrophage
b. Stem cell
c. Monocyte
d. Premonocyte
e. Post-monocyte
Answer: b. Stem cell, d. Premonocyte, c. Monocyte, a. Macrophage. There is no such thing as a Post-monocyte.

18. Diapedis is the migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues. Which characteristic of white blood cells aids diapedis?
a. White blood cells readily change shape.
b. White blood cells release chemicals, which cause the blood vessels to expand to allow for easier WBC migration.
c. White blood cells are actively motile.
d. White blood cells are the most abundant cell of the body.
*e. a and c
f. all of the above

19. Migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury of infection is known as what? Answer: Chemotaxis

20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lymph?
a. It’s a plasma-like liquid moved through the body by means of a dedicated pump, similar to how blood flows through the body.
b. It is formed when blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular spaces.
c. It’s made up of water, dissolved salts, 2-5% proteins.
d. It transports white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents.
e. It flows in only one direction.
Answer: a. Lymph is not moved through the body by a pump; it is moved only through the contraction of skeletal muscles that surround the lymphatic ducts.