Main Concepts By Chapter

PROVO CLASSMATES!!



The final exam will focus on material primarily from the first four tests, but with some questions on the newer material as well. There will be at least 1 question from each chapter that you have seen previously on a test. As I said, at least 20 of your questions will be familiar to you.

Topics to Review

Chapter 1

• Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

• what are the major differences between the groups?
  
• What are some major groups of eukaryotes?
• Is a protozoan a eukaryote or a prokaryote?
• Infectious diseases and the human condition
• Statistics of worldwide infections
• How have microbes changed over time?
• How have people and society changed over time?
• Major contributors to the history of microbiology
• Contributions of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch
• Semmelweis and Lister and aseptic techniques
  

Chapter 3

• Variations of light microscopes
• Bright field, dark field, contrast, fluorescent
• Types of stains
• Simple, differential, special (pg 85)
• What type of stains are Gram stain and acid fast stain?
• "Five I's"
• What is involved in Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification?
  

Chapter 4 (Procaryotic Cell Structures)

• Bacterial Appendages
• What are the roles of pili, flagella, fimbrae
• Cell envelope
• What are the components of the cell envelope and the function of the major parts?
• Cell wall
• Understand the structure of the cell wall
• What are the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?
• Cell membrane
• What's up with the phospholipid bilayer?
  

Chapter 18: Cocci of medical importance

• Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
• How do you differentiate between these groups? (catalase test)
• How can you differentiate between S. aureus and other Staph?
• What are some of the major virulence factors for S. aureus?
• Group A strep (Streptococcus pyogenes)
• Major virulence factors and diseases
• Rheumatic fever and heart troubles
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• What is bacterial pneumonia?
• Neisseria (a gram-negative coccus)
• gonorrhea
• meningitis (N. meningiditis)
  

Chapter 5: Eucaryotic Cells

• What are the major groups (kingdoms) of eucaryotes?
• What is the endosymbiotic theory?
• Who discovered this?
• Chloroplasts: what are they and what is their role?
  
• Locomotor appendages
• Cilia versus flagellae

Chapter 6: Intro to viruses

• Classification of viruses (DNA, RNA)
• How to culture viruses in the lab
• Role of chicken embryos and other animal tissues
• How to make a vaccine against a virus
• Animal virus replication
• adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly, release
  

Chapter 7: Microbial nutrition, ecology, and growth

• Nutritional categories of microbes
• autotrophs versus heterotrophs?
• Adaptability of microbes to the environment
• pH, oxygen, temperature, other organisms, water, etc.
• Nutrition of microbes
• macronutrients versus micronutrients
• inorganic nutrients versus organic nutrients
• Cellular transport
• diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, phagocytosis
  

Chapter 19: Gram-positive bacilli of medical importance

• The endospore formers: Bacillus and Clostridium
• Bacillus: aerobic; B. anthracis
• Clostridium: anaerobic; botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus. Also, C. difficile
  
• Acid-fast staining: the Mycobacteria
  

Chapter 8

• What are the differences between enzymes, coenzymes, cofactors, and substrates?
• The basic pathways of the oxidation of glucose (glycolyis, TCA or Kreb's Cycle, and ETC)
• What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• What is the difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
  

Chapter 9

• Be able to define: genetics, heredity, genome, chromosome, gene, DNA, and protein
• Understand the structure of DNA (string of nucleotides; adenine pairing with thymine, guanine pairing with cytosine)
• Understand difference between DNA and RNA (and structurally RNA contains uracil instead of thymine)
• What is an intron?
• What is an operon?
• Understand some of types of genetic mutations
• missense, nonsense, point mutations, frame shifts
  
• What does an Ames test measure?
  

Chapter 11

• Physical methods for controlling microbes
• moist heat, dry heat, radiation, cold temp, filtration, and dessication
• What are the effects of chemicals on the cell wall and the cell membrane?
• How do the chemicals break these down?
• Thermal death point versus thermal death time: how are these defined?
  

Chapter 20: Gram-negative bacilli of medical importance

• Endotoxic shock (pg 601) due to lipid A
• Pseudomonas: aerobic, multi-drug resistant; biofilm former
  
• Escherichia: facultative anaerobe. E. coli O157:H7, nosocomial infections (UTI)
  
• Salmonella: facultative anaerobe; GI infections (including typhoid fever); role of poultry
  
• Yersinia pestis: facultative anaerobe; plague; role of fleas and rodents, and the enzyme coagulase
  

Chapter 12

• Five targets of drug action
• cell wall, cell membrane, DNA & RNA, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways
• Tests for drug susceptibility
• Kirby-Bauer, MIC and Therapeutic Index (TI)
• Mechanisms of drug resistance
• drug inactivation, decrease in permeability, change of drug receptors, biofilms, and enzymes to break the drug
  

Chapter 13: Microbial-human interactions

• Normal flora of GI tract, skin, mouth, genitals
• Role of normal flora in preventing some infections and causing others (super infections)
• Lipid A of Gram-negative cell walls and endotoxic shock
• Different portals of entry and exit (skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, genitals, etc)
  

Chapter 14: Nonspecific host defenses

• First, second, and third lines of defense
• What are the components of each?
• Different cell types of second line of defense
• relative percentages of different cell types and what their roles are (e.g. neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, etc)
• Inflammatory response
• rubor, calor, dolor,
  
• general mechanisms and results of inflammation
  

Chapter 15

• What are antigens?
• T-cells versus B-cells
• Where are they formed? Where do they mature?
• What are their functions?
• Antibodies
• Plasma cells, memory cells
• Classes of antibodies (e.g. IgA, IgG, IgE)
• Classification of acquired immunity
• natural, artificial, passive, active